Manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas en la infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana

Resumen La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es una pandemia global que afecta a 38 millones de personas en el mundo. En Chile, se ha visto un alza sostenida en la incidencia de VIH, aumentando un 57% entre 2010 y 2019, reportándose 74.000 personas que viven con VIH en el país. Las manifestaciones en cabeza y cuello ascienden a un 80% de los pacientes con VIH. Éstas pueden presentarse durante el síndrome retroviral agudo, en etapas más avanzadas, incluso como forma de debut, o aparecer en casos de falla de tratamiento o complicaciones derivadas del síndrome inflamatorio de reconstitución inmune. Con la mayor cobertura de terapia antirretroviral (TARV) se ha visto a lo largo del tiempo un cambio en la frecuencia de las manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas. Las lesiones de la cavidad oral han representado un signo de avance de la enfermedad o de falla al tratamiento, siendo más frecuentes la candidiasis y la leucoplasia vellosa. En el área rinosinusal predominan la rinitis y rinosinusitis, en el cuello las linfadenopatías e hipertrofia parotídea, y en el oído la hipoacusia, alteraciones vestibulares y del oído medio. Para la especialidad de otorrinolaringología es fundamental conocer estas manifestaciones para mantener un alto índice de sospecha del diagnóstico. De esta forma, se permite un diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento oportuno para así mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. Además, se requiere un seguimiento cercano de forma de detectar signos tempranos de falla al tratamiento o progresión a etapas más avanzadas.

Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a global pandemic, affecting 38 million people worldwide. In Chile, its incidence has risen continuously, increasing to 57% from 2010 to 2019, with 74,000 infected people in the country. Head and neck manifestations account to 80% of HIV patients. These manifestations may be present during the acute retroviral syndrome, in more advanced stages, even as a debut, or appear in treatment failure or complications secondary to the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. With the increase in antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage, the prevalence of otorhinolaryngological manifestations has changed. Oral lesions may be an early sign for advanced stages or treatment failure, with a predominance of candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia. Rhinitis and rhinosinusitis are the main manifestations in the sinonasal area, lymphadenopathy and parotid hypertrophy in the neck, and hearing loss, vestibular and middle ear disorders in the ear. It is essential for otorhinolaryngologists to be aware of these manifestations in order to maintain a high index of clinical suspicion, allowing an early diagnosis and opportune treatment to improve the patient's quality of life. In addition, a close follow-up is required to identify early signs of treatment failure or progression to more advanced stages.

[Sociodemographic risk factors of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome]. / Factores de riesgo socio-demográficos del síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus.

BACKGROUND: Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is caused by new world hantaviruses, among which Andes hantavirus (ANDV) is endemic to Chile and Southern Argentina. The disease caused by ANDV produces plasma leakage leading to enhanced vascular permeability and has a high case fatality rate (35%), mainly due to respiratory failure, pulmonary edema and myocardial dysfunction, hypoperfusion and shock. Host sociodemographic and genetic factors might influence the course and outcome of the disease. Yet, they have not been thoroughly characterized. AIM: To evaluate sociodemographic factors as risk factors in severity of HCPS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Study period: 2004-20013, attending in eight collaborative centers, etiological diagnosis was performed by serology or molecular biology, mild and severe HCPS were compared.139 Chilean patients were analyzed, 64 (46%) with severe disease among which 12 (19 %) died. RESULTS: European ethnicity had 5,1 times higher risk than Amerindian ethnic group to develop a severe HCPS, greater seriousness that was also associated with an urban residence. CONCLUSION: It was observed that ethnicity and type of residence were significant risk factors for HCPS severity. Hypotheses explaining these findings are discussed.

Factores de riesgo socio-demográficos del síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus / Sociodemographic risk factors of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus (SCPH) es causado en Chile y en el sur de Argentina por el Andes hantavirus (ANDV), el que es endémico en esta zona. La enfermedad causada por ANDV produce un aumento de permeabilidad vascular y filtración de plasma con una alta tasa de letalidad (35%), debido principalmente a insuficiencia respiratoria por edema pulmonar y al desarrollo en los casos graves de compromiso miocárdico, hipoperfusión y shock. Aunque se sabe que los factores socio-demográficos del hospedero pueden influir en el curso y el resultado de la enfermedad, estos no se han caracterizado previamente en la población chilena. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre los factores socio-demográficos y la gravedad del SCPH. Pacientes y Métodos: Período de análisis 2004-20013, pacientes atendidos en ocho centros colaboradores, diagnóstico etiológico serológico o por biología molecular, se comparan SCPH leve y grave. Se analizaron 139 pacientes chilenos, 64 (46%) con enfermedad grave, entre los cuales 12 murieron (19%). Resultados: La etnia europea tuvo un riesgo 5,1 veces mayor de desarrollar un SCPH grave que la etnia amerindia, gravedad mayor que también se asoció a una residencia urbana. Conclusiones: Se observó una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre etnia, lugar de residencia y evolución de SCPH. Se discuten hipótesis que expliquen estos hallazgos.

Background: Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is caused by new world hantaviruses, among which Andes hantavirus (ANDV) is endemic to Chile and Southern Argentina. The disease caused by ANDV produces plasma leakage leading to enhanced vascular permeability and has a high case fatality rate (35%), mainly due to respiratory failure, pulmonary edema and myocardial dysfunction, hypoperfusion and shock. Host sociodemographic and genetic factors might influence the course and outcome of the disease. Yet, they have not been thoroughly characterized. Aim: To evaluate sociodemographic factors as risk factors in severity of HCPS. Patients and Methods: Study period: 2004-20013, attending in eight collaborative centers, etiological diagnosis was performed by serology or molecular biology, mild and severe HCPS were compared.139 Chilean patients were analyzed, 64 (46%) with severe disease among which 12 (19 %) died. Results: European ethnicity had 5,1 times higher risk than Amerindian ethnic group to develop a severe HCPS, greater seriousness that was also associated with an urban residence. Conclusion: It was observed that ethnicity and type of residence were significant risk factors for HCPS severity. Hypotheses explaining these findings are discussed.

Aporte de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico de infecciones respiratorias agudas / Contribution of multiplex respiratory molecular panel to the diagnosis of acute respiratory infections

Objective: To assess the performance of multiplex-PCR for diagnosis of respiratory viruses in parallel with direct fluorescence assay (DFA). We assessed the performance and co-infection diagnosis of molecular respiratory panel PCR (MRP-PCR) and DFA in hospitalized and outpatients. Results: 8535 samples were included, 1792 tested by MRP-PCR (46.9% positive) and 6743 by DFA (35.1% positive). MRP-PCR diagnosed co-infection in 21.3% and DFA in 1.8% of the samples. Rhinovirus was the most common virus in any age group. In 210 patients both tests were done; 100 were positive by MRP-PCR and 18 by DFA. Positive concordance value was 6.2%. 85 samples were positive only by MRP-PCR and in 42 of them only novel respiratory viruses were identified. Performance of MRP-PCR was statistically significant compared DFA for traditional respiratory viruses. Discussion: Multiplex PCR has shown better sensitivity, may expand the etiologic spectrum of respiratory infections and detect a higher number of co-infections.

Objetivo: Evaluar la contribución del panel respiratorio molecular por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa-multiplex (PRM-RPC) en paralelo a la de inmunofluorescencia directa (IFD) al diagnóstico de infecciones respiratorias. Analizamos y comparamos el rendimiento y diagnóstico de co-infección de PRM-RPC con IFD en pacientes hospitalizados y ambulatorios. Resultados: Se analizaron 8535 muestras; 1792 por PRM-RPC (46,9% positivas) y 6743 por IFD (35,1% positivas). La co-infección fue 21,3% por PRM-RCP y 1,8% por IFD. El virus más frecuente fue rinovirus a toda edad. Se analizaron 210 pacientes por ambos métodos; resultaron positivas 100 por PRM-RPC y 18 por IFD, concordancia positiva de 6,2%. 85 muestras fueron solo positivas por PRM-RPC, 42 diagnosticaron nuevos virus respiratorios. El rendimiento de PRM-RPC fue significativamente mayor que el de IFD para virus respiratorios tradicionalmente diagnosticados. Conclusiones: La RCP-multiplex tiene mejor sensibilidad, podría expandir el espectro etiológico de infecciones respiratorias y detectar un mayor número de co-infecciones comparado a IFD.

Etiología viral en la neumonía del adulto adquirida en la comunidad en un hospital del sur de Chile / Viral etiology of community acquired pneumonia among adults admitted to a general hospital

Background: There is paucity of information about viral etiology of community acquired pneumonia in adults. Aim: To investigate the viral etiology of pneumonia among hospitalized patients. Material and Methods: All adults with pneumonia that were hospitalized were prospectively enrolled at Puerto Montt hospital. A microbiological and viral assessment was carried out. Viral assessment included direct immunofluorescence of nasopharyngeal aspirates for influenza A and B virus and serum samples obtained during the acute phase of the disease and during convalescence for Hanta virus. Results: Between April 1 2005 and March 31 2006,159 adults aged 62 ± 20 years (58 % males), were admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. Mean hospital stay was 11.9 ± 8.6 days. Four patients had Hantavirus acute infection. Other viruses were identified in twelve patients (7.7%). Nine had influenza A, one syncytial respiratory virus, one syncytial and influenza A virus and one varicella zoster virus. Excluding patients with Hantavirus, no significant differences in age, clinical presentation, chest X ray findings, laboratory results and mortality were observed between patients with bacterial or viral etiology of the pneumonia. Conclusions: Viral etiology was confirmed in 10% of adult patients hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia.

[Viral etiology of community acquired pneumonia among adults admitted to a general hospital]. / Etiología viral en la neumonía del adulto adquirida en la comunidad en un hospital del sur de Chile.

BACKGROUND: There is paucity of information about viral etiology of community acquired pneumonia in adults. AIM: To investigate the viral etiology of pneumonia among hospitalized patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All adults with pneumonia that were hospitalized were prospectively enrolled at Puerto Montt hospital. A microbiological and viral assessment was carried out. Viral assessment included direct immunofluorescence of nasopharyngeal aspirates for influenza A and B virus and serum samples obtained during the acute phase of the disease and during convalescence for Hanta virus. RESULTS: Between April 1 2005 and March 31 2006,159 adults aged 62 ± 20 years (58 % males), were admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. Mean hospital stay was 11.9 ± 8.6 days. Four patients had Hantavirus acute infection. Other viruses were identified in twelve patients (7.7%). Nine had influenza A, one syncytial respiratory virus, one syncytial and influenza A virus and one varicella zoster virus. Excluding patients with Hantavirus, no significant differences in age, clinical presentation, chest X ray findings, laboratory results and mortality were observed between patients with bacterial or viral etiology of the pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Viral etiology was confirmed in 10% of adult patients hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia.

Bocavirus humano en Chile: características clínicas y epidemiológicas en niños con infecciones respiratorias / Human bocavirus in Chile: clinical characteristics and epidemiological profile in children with acute respiratory tract infections

Background: Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly discovered parvovirus found in children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Objectives: To describe the epidemiological and clinical profile of children < 5 years old consulting for ARTI, comparing cases of HBoV monoinfection and coinfection with other known respiratory viruses. Furthermore, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of viral shedding in asymptomatic children and perform phylogenetic analysis. Patients and Methods: We investigated the presence of HBoV in nasopharyngeal secretions from children consulting for AlRTI and among asymptomatic controls, between 2007 and 2008, by polymerase chain reaction. Results: HBoV was detected in 79 (21.8 percent) of 362 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from children with ARTI. In 60/79 (76 percent), coinfection with other respiratory viruses was confirmed. Most common symptoms were cough, fever and rhinorrhea. Children infected only with HBoV showed significantly lower frequencies of respiratory distress, oxygen requirements and hospital admission than those with coinfection. HBoV was detected in 6/16 (37.5 percent) samples from asymptomatic children. The phylogenetic analysis of viruses from Chilean patients revealed that circulating HBoV was closely related to original strains. Conclusions: HBoV was found either in symptomatic and asymptomatic children. The severity of the disease was greater when HBoV was associated to other respiratory viruses.

Introducción: Bocavirus humano (HBoV) es un nuevo parvovirus encontrado en niños con infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA). Objetivos: Describir la epidemiología y perfil clínico en niños < 5 años con IRA, comparando aquellos con HBoV como único agente identificado, con los que tenían co-infección con otro virus respiratorio. Además se evaluó su prevalencia en niños asintomáticos, y se realizó análisis filogenético. Materiales y Métodos: Se investigó la presencia de HBoV, por medio de reacción de polimerasa en cadena, en muestras de secreción nasofaríngea obtenida en niños con IRA y en controles asintomáticos, entre 2007 y 2008. Resultados: Se detectó HBoV en 79 (21,8 por ciento) de 362 muestras obtenidas en pacientes con IRA. En 60/79 (76 por ciento), se demostró co-infección. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron tos, fiebre y rinorrea. Los pacientes con HBoV como único agente identificado mostraron frecuencias significativamente menores de dificultad respiratoria, requerimiento de oxígeno y hospitalización, comparado con los co-infectados. HBoV se detectó en 6/16 (37,5 por ciento) muestras de niños asintomáticos. El análisis filogenético de las cepas chilenas demuestra estrecha relación con las cepas originales. Conclusiones: HBoV está presente en niños chilenos con IRA y asintomáticos. La gravedad de la enfermedad fue mayor en el grupo con co-infección.

Influenza pandémica A (H1N1) 2009: epidemiología, características clínicas y diferencias con influenza estacional en Chile / Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009: epidemiology, clinical features and differences with seasonal influenza in Chile

Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 raised questions regarding differences with seasonal influenza. Objectives: To describe the clinical features of pandemic influenza and compare them to seasonal influenza. Patients y Methods: A descriptive study that compared hospitalized adults was done between patients with confirmed pandemic inluenza in the Hospital Clínico Universidad Católica in Santiago, Chile, from May to July 2009 and 95 confirmed historic cases of seasonal influenza. Results: 54 patients with pandemic influenza were included, 51.9 percent were male, age of 52.8 ± 19.5 years old; 79.6 percent had chronic diseases; 16.7 percent were immunocompromised patients and 7.4 percent of pregnant women. 25.9 percent of the patients acquired the infection during the hospitalization. 31.5 percent were admitted to intermediate/intensive care units. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 37 percent, and the mortality rate was 3.7 percent. The comparison between pandemic and seasonal influenza showed less proportion of patient > 65 years of age (31.5 percent vs. 68 percent; p < 0.0001); double number of nosocomial acquisition and more cases of pneumonia and death. Conclusions: The pandemic inluenza infection affected younger people and was related with more nosocomial cases, pneumonia and mortality rates than seasonal inluenza.

La pandemia de inluenza A (H1N1) 2009 generó preguntas sobre sus diferencias con influenza estacional. Objetivos: Describir las características de influenza pandémica y comparar con influenza estacional. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de casos confirmados de influenza pandémica en adultos internados en el Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica entre mayo y julio de 2009, comparado con 95 casos históricos de influenza estacional. Resultados: 54 pacientes con influenza pandémica, 51,9 por ciento género masculino, edad 52,8 ± 19,5 años; 79,6 por ciento presentaban co-morbilidades; 16,7 por ciento inmunocomprometidos, 7,4 por ciento mujeres embarazadas, 25,9 por ciento de adquisición nosocomial, 31,5 por ciento requirió cuidados intensivos/intermedios. Se diagnosticó neumonía en 37 por ciento y la mortalidad global fue 3,7 por ciento. En la comparación con inluenza estacional, la pandémica afectó menos pacientes > de 65 años (31,5 vs 68 por ciento, p < 0,0001), dobló los casos con adquisición nosocomial y hubo más casos de neumonía y muertes. Conclusiones: La infección por inluenza pandémica afectó a un grupo de menor edad y generó mayor transmisión nosocomial, neumonía y muerte que la inluenza estacional.

Importancia de las imágenes y el diagnóstico etiológico en el paciente inmunocomprometido con afección del sistema nervioso central: Tercera parte / Importance of images and etiological diagnosis in immunocompromised patients with central nervous system involvement: Third part

A twenty four year-old male patient with a history of morbid obesity and acute lymphocytic leukemia diagnosed in 2003, underwent an autologous bone marrow transplantation the same year. He had two relapses of leukemia on 2003 and 2007. On January 2009, he underwent a double cord bone marrow transplantation with myeloablative conditioning and craneospinal radiotherapy. The patient received prophylaxis with aciclovir, cotrimoxazole and fluconazole. The latter was changed afterwards to posaconazole. On day 16 post-transplantation, fever and menin-geal signs appeared. The cerebrospinal fluid exam revealed pleocytosis with polymorphonuclear predominance. Empirical therapy was started with meropenem. Due to neurological impairment, at day 33, a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed, showing multiple hypodense supra and infratentorial nodules with peripheral edema. Biopsy, universal PCR for fungi and a new cerebrospinal fluid analysis were performed and amphotericin B was added showing a favorable response. He was discharged with itraconazole, as the universal PCR of brain tissue revealed Penicillium spp. This is the third report presented in this journal that stresses the importance of early neuroimaging, especially MRI to certify the involvement of the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients.

Paciente de 24 años, sexo masculino, con antecedente de obesidad mórbida que debutó con una leucemia linfática aguda (LLA) en el año 2003. Se le efectuó trasplante (Tx) de precursores hematopoyéticos, autólogo, recayendo el mismo año. En el año 2007 presentó una segunda recaída por lo que se le sometió a Tx doble de cordón como rescate en enero de 2009, con acondicionamiento mieloablativo y radioterapia cráneo-espinal recibiendo profilaxis con aciclovir, cotrimoxazol y fluconazol, el que fuera cambiado posteriormente a posaconazol. El día 16 post trasplante presentó fiebre y signos meníngeos, con LCR que revelaba una pleocitosis de predominio polimorfonuclear. Se inició terapia empírica con meropenem. Debido al deterioro neurológico, en el día 33, se le efectuó una resonancia magnética cerebral (RM) donde se evidenciaron múltiples nódulos hipodensos supra e infratentoriales con edema periférico. Se le realizó biopsia cerebral, cultivos, reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC) para hongos, nuevo estudio de LCR completo y se agregó anfotericina B deoxicolato presentando una respuesta favorable. Finalizada la terapia con anfotericina B se dio de alta con itraconazol ya que la RPC de tejido cerebral reveló Penicillium sp. Este es el tercer caso presentado en esta revista en los que enfatizamos la importancia de las neuroimágenes, en especial la RM, realizadas en forma precoz para certificar el compromiso del SNC en pacientes inmunocomprometidos.

Importancia de las imágenes y el diagnóstico etiológico en el paciente inmunocomprometido con afección del sistema nervioso central: Segunda parte / Importance of images and etiological diagnosis in the immunocompromised patient with central nervous system envolvement: Part II

We present the case of a 12-year-old boy with acute lymphocytic leukemia who developed pneumonia and multiple brain infarcts compatible with acute necrotic encephalitis. The infectious disease screening tests revealed influenza A H1N1 virus, Staphylococcus aureus in broncho alveolar lavage, E. coli and galactomannan antigen in blood. CNS influenza associated complications are reviewed. This case highlights the importance of magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic tool in the assessment of immunocompromised patients with CNS compromise and the value of brain biopsy in the final identification of an infectious disease etiology.

Escolar de 12 años de edad, con Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda en tratamiento que desarrolla una bronconeumonía bilateral, infartos cerebrales compatibles con encefalitis necrosante aguda. El estudio infectológico demostró más de una causas infecciosa que pudiera explicar su evolución destacando influenza A H1N1, Staphylococcus aureus meticilina sensible en lavado bronco alveolar, E. coli y galactomanano en sangre. Se revisa el compromiso del SNC por influenza A H1N1. Se destaca la importancia del uso de resonancia magnética nuclear al evaluar pacientes inmunocomprometidos con complicaciones neurológicas y el aporte de una biopsia cerebral en aclarar la etiología de este compromiso.

[Human bocavirus in Chile: clinical characteristics and epidemiological profile in children with acute respiratory tract infections]. / Bocavirus humano en Chile: características clínicas y epidemiológicas en niños con infecciones respiratorias.

BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly discovered parvovirus found in children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiological and clinical profile of children < 5 years old consulting for ARTI, comparing cases of HBoV monoinfection and coinfection with other known respiratory viruses. Furthermore, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of viral shedding in asymptomatic children and perform phylogenetic analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We investigated the presence of HBoV in nasopharyngeal secretions from children consulting for AlRTI and among asymptomatic controls, between 2007 and 2008, by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: HBoV was detected in 79 (21.8%) of 362 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from children with ARTI. In 60/79 (76%), coinfection with other respiratory viruses was confirmed. Most common symptoms were cough, fever and rhinorrhea. Children infected only with HBoV showed significantly lower frequencies of respiratory distress, oxygen requirements and hospital admission than those with coinfection. HBoV was detected in 6/16 (37.5%) samples from asymptomatic children. The phylogenetic analysis of viruses from Chilean patients revealed that circulating HBoV was closely related to original strains. CONCLUSIONS: HBoV was found either in symptomatic and asymptomatic children. The severity of the disease was greater when HBoV was associated to other respiratory viruses.

[Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009: epidemiology, clinical features and differences with seasonal influenza in Chile]. / Influenza pandémica A (H1N1) 2009: epidemiología, características clínicas y diferencias con influenza estacional en Chile.

UNLABELLED: Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 raised questions regarding differences with seasonal influenza. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical features of pandemic influenza and compare them to seasonal influenza. PATIENTS Y METHODS: A descriptive study that compared hospitalized adults was done between patients with confirmed pandemic influenza in the Hospital Clínico Universidad Católica in Santiago, Chile, from May to July 2009 and 95 confirmed historic cases of seasonal influenza. RESULTS: 54 patients with pandemic influenza were included, 51.9% were male, age of 52.8 ± 19.5 years old; 79.6% had chronic diseases; 16.7% were immunocompromised patients and 7.4% of pregnant women. 25.9% of the patients acquired the infection during the hospitalization. 31.5% were admitted to intermediate/intensive care units. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 37%, and the mortality rate was 3.7%. The comparison between pandemic and seasonal influenza showed less proportion of patient > 65 years of age (31.5% vs. 68%; p < 0.0001); double number of nosocomial acquisition and more cases of pneumonia and death. CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic influenza infection affected younger people and was related with more nosocomial cases, pneumonia and mortality rates than seasonal influenza.

[Importance of images and etiological diagnosis in immunocompromised patients with central nervous system involvement. Third part]. / Importancia de las imágenes y el diagnóstico etiológico en el paciente inmunocomprometido con afección del sistema nervioso central: Tercera parte.

A twenty four year-old male patient with a history of morbid obesity and acute lymphocytic leukemia diagnosed in 2003, underwent an autologous bone marrow transplantation the same year. He had two relapses of leukemia on 2003 and 2007. On January 2009, he underwent a double cord bone marrow transplantation with myeloablative conditioning and craneospinal radiotherapy. The patient received prophylaxis with aciclovir, cotrimoxazole and fluconazole. The latter was changed afterwards to posaconazole. On day 16 post-transplantation, fever and meningeal signs appeared. The cerebrospinal fluid exam revealed pleocytosis with polymorphonuclear predominance. Empirical therapy was started with meropenem. Due to neurological impairment, at day 33, a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed, showing multiple hypodense supra and infratentorial nodules with peripheral edema. Biopsy, universal PCR for fungi and a new cerebrospinal fluid analysis were performed and amphotericin B was added showing a favorable response. He was discharged with itraconazole, as the universal PCR of brain tissue revealed Penicillium spp. This is the third report presented in this journal that stresses the importance of early neuroimaging, especially MRI to certify the involvement of the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients.

Importancia de las imágenes y el diagnóstico etiológico en el paciente inmunocomprometido con afección del SNC / Importance of images and etiological diagnosis of central nervous system envolvement in immunocompromised patient

We report a 16 years old boy with diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia with severe immune suppression secondary to his primary disease and to leukemia's treatment. Early during the course of his chemotherapy he developed symptoms and signs compatible with invasive fungal disease (IFD). Lungs were primarily compromised followed by CNS involvement with manifestations of intracranial hypertension. Laboratory exams were remarkable for prolonged neutropenia and indirect evidence of Aspergillus sp infection, with successive detection of positive and increasing levels of galactoman antigen in serum. With this case we want emphasize the great importance of invasive fungal disease in immune suppressed patients and particularly the CNS compromise. This represents a medical emergency which deserves to start a complete and comprehensive microbiology diagnosis and concomitantly start an empiric antifungal treatment. The importance of neuroimaging for a correct identification of the number, location and size of CNS lesions must be highlighted. The election of MRI, if available, should be preferred due to a better performance than CT scan. Brain biopsy should be discussed when all the non invasive attempts for etiology identification have failed. The invasive fungal CNS compromise has medical treatment and the surgical drainage has to be considered for lesions greater than 2 cm or for those making a mass effect or have failed with medical treatment.

Comunicamos el caso de un adolescente de 16 años, con una leucemia mieloide aguda y una grave inmunosupresión secundaria a su enfermedad y el tratamiento. Precozmente post-quimioterapia desarrolló síntomas y signos compatibles con una enfermedad fúngica invasora (EFI). Inicialmente se afectaron sus pulmones y a continuación el SNC con hipertensión intracraneal. Los exámenes de laboratorio indicaron una neutropenia prolongada y evidencias indirectas de una infección por Aspergillus sp mediante la medición sucesiva de galactomanano positivo en sangre y un segundo valor en ascenso. Con este caso enfatizamos la gran importancia que tienen las EFI en pacientes inmunocomprometidos, particularmente sobre el SNC. Ellas representan una emergencia médica que requiere de una confín-nación microbiológica y el inicio temprano de terapia anti-fúngica empírica. Debe destacarse la importancia que tienen las neuro-imágenes en la correcta identificación del número de lesiones, su localization y tamaño. La RM, si está disponible, debiera ser la elección, para una mejor definición, por sobre el uso de la TAC. Igualmente, debiera discutirse la indicación de biopsia cerebral cuando todos los métodos no invasores han fracasado en precisar la etiología. La EFI del SNC es de tratamiento médico, debiéndose considerar el drenaje quirúrgico de las lesiones con más de 2 cm de diámetro o aquellas que ejercen efecto de masa o, finalmente, cuando ha fracasado el manejo con anti-fúngicos.

[Hantavirosis: clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric patients in Chile]. / Hantavirosis: Caracterización clínica-epidemiológica de pacientes pediátricos en Chile.

BACKGROUND: The first cases of Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in children were described in the United States and represented 8% of the total reported cases; in Chile, the proportion of pediatric cases represents 15% of all national cases. AIM: To describe the epidemiology and clinical course of 82 children reported to the Chilean Ministry of Health up to 2007 and to characterize more extensively a subgroup of 24 children whose detailed clinical data were available. RESULTS: Forty patients were under 10 years old. Seventeen (17/82) of 82 cases (20.7%) presented in the context of a family cluster. Ninety eight percent of cases (80/82) occurred among individuals living in rural areas and 66% during summer months). The overall fatality rate was 36.6%. Fever (93%), respiratory distress (75%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (75%) were the most frequent symptoms encountered in the 28 children studied more extensively. Abnormal blood coagulation test were significantly associated with death while an increased hematocrit was associated with severe cases (hemodynamic unstability). CONCLUSION: An early diagnosis should favor early onset of aggressive treatment that could potentially save lives. Increasing knowledge on the clinical presentation of the disease in children should improve early clinical diagnosis among health care professionals.

Hantavirosis: Caracterización clínica-epidemiológica de pacientes pediátricos en Chile / Hantavirosis: Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric patients in Chile

Background: The first cases of Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in children were described in the United States and represented 8 percent of the total reported cases; in Chile, the proportion of pediatric cases represents 15 percent of all national cases. Aim: To describe the epidemiology and clinical course of 82 children reported to the Chilean Ministry of Health up to 2007 and to characterize more extensively a subgroup of 24 children whose detailed clinical data were available. Results: Forty patients were under 10 years old. Seventeen (17/82) of 82 cases (20.7 percent) presented in the context of a family cluster. Ninety eight percent of cases (80/82) occurred among individuals living in rural areas and 66 percent during summer months). The overall fatality rate was 36.6 percent. Fever (93 percent), respiratory distress (75 percent) and gastrointestinal symptoms (75 percent) were the most frequent symptoms encountered in the 28 children studied more extensively. Abnormal blood coagulation test were significantly associated with death while an increased hematocrit was associated with severe cases (hemodynamic unstability). Conclusion: An early diagnosis should favor early onset of aggressive treatment that could potentially save lives. Increasing knowledge on the clinical presentation of the disease in children should improve early clinical diagnosis among health care professionals.

Introducción: Los primeros casos del síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus en población pediátrica fueron descritos en Estados Unidos de América y representaron 8 por cientoo de los casos comunicados; en Chile la frecuencia relativa en niños ha sido de 15 por ciento del total nacional. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología y evolución clínica de 82 niños notificados al MTNSAL hasta el 2007 y caracterizar el comportamiento clínico en 24 de ellos de quienes se disponía de registro clínico detallado. Resultados: Cuarenta pacientes tenían bajo 10 años de edad, predominando envarones. Un quinto (17/82) estuvo asociado a conglomerados familiares. Noventay ocho por ciento (80/82) se presentaron en áreas rurales y 54 (66 por ciento) ocurrieron en el verano. La letalidad fue de 36,6 por ciento. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron: fiebre (93 por ciento), dificultad respiratoria (75 por ciento) y síntomas gastrointestinales (75 por ciento). De los exámenes de laboratorio con significancia estadística, las pruebas de coagulación alteradas predicen fallecimiento y el hematocrito elevado está siempre presente en pacientes graves. Conclusión: El diagnóstico oportuno facilita el tratamiento intensivo precoz. La difusión de la presentación clínica infantil mejorará la sospecha diagnóstica en el personal de salud.

[Importance of images and etiological diagnosis of central nervous system involvement in immunocompromised patient]. / Importancia de las imágenes y el diagnóstico etiológico en el paciente inmunocomprometido con afección del SNC.

We report a 16 years old boy with diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia with severe immune suppression secondary to his primary disease and to leukemia's treatment. Early during the course of his chemotherapy he developed symptoms and signs compatible with invasive fungal disease (IFD). Lungs were primarily compromised followed by CNS involvement with manifestations of intracranial hypertension. Laboratory exams were remarkable for prolonged neutropenia and indirect evidence of Aspergillus sp infection, with successive detection of positive and increasing levels of galactoman antigen in serum. With this case we want emphasize the great importance of invasive fungal disease in immune suppressed patients and particularly the CNS compromise. This represents a medical emergency which deserves to start a complete and comprehensive microbiology diagnosis and concomitantly start an empiric antifungal treatment. The importance of neuroimaging for a correct identification of the number, location and size of CNS lesions must be highlighted. The election of MRI, if available, should be preferred due to a better performance than CT scan. Brain biopsy should be discussed when all the non invasive attempts for etiology identification have failed. The invasive fungal CNS compromise has medical treatment and the surgical drainage has to be considered for lesions greater than 2 cm or for those making a mass effect or have failed with medical treatment.

[Clinical characteristics of respiratory infection due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in hospitalized children]. / Características clínicas de la enfermedad respiratoria causada por Mycoplasma pneumoniae en niños hospitalizados.

INTRODUCTION: Studies on Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection are scarce in Chile. OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical characteristics associated with M. pneumoniae in children requiring hospitalization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All children with a respiratory infection requiring hospitalizations between 2000-2005, whom had a M. pneumoniae specific IgM > or = 1:32, were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty children meeting study criteria were identified with an average length of hospitalization of 4 days (range: 1-10); mean age was 5.4 years (46% were younger than 5 years). Common clinical features were cough (92%), fever (82%), malaise (74%) and respiratory distress (72%). At admission 40/45 children had hypoxemia. Chest-X ray showed interstitial pattern (69.3%), consolidation (51%) and hyperinsuflation (28.5%). Six patients had pleural effusion. Eighty four percent of patients had a favorable clinical outcome; eight children required admission to the PICU all of whom recovered. CONCLUSION: Respiratory infections associated with M. pneumoniae in our series of children had a highly variable and non-specific clinical spectrum. Chest-X rays showed different pattern in concordance with previous publications.

Características clínicas de la enfermedad respiratoria causada por Mycoplasma pneumoniae en niños hospitalizados / Clinical characterizes of respiratory infection due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in hospitalized children

Introduction: Studies onMycoplasmapneumoniae infection are scarce in Chile. Objective: To describe clinical characteristics associated withM. pneumoniae in children requiring hospitalization. Material and Methods: All children with a respiratory infection requiring hospitalizations between 2000-2005, whom had aM. pneumoniae specific IgM ≥ 1:32, were analyzed. Results: Fifty children meeting study criteria were identified with an ave-rage length of hospitalization of 4 days (range: 1-10); mean age was 5.4 years (46 percent were younger than 5 years). Common clinical features were cough (92 percent), fever (82 percent), malaise (74 percent) and respiratory distress (72 percent). At admission 40/45 children had hypoxemia. Chest-X ray showed interstitial pattern (69.3 percent), consolidation (51 percent) and hyperinsuflation (28.5 percent). Six patients had pleural effusion. Eighty four percent of patients had a favorable clinical outcome; eight children required admission to the PICU all of whom recovered. Conclusión: Respiratory infections associated withM. pneumoniae in our series of children had a highly variable and non-specific clinical spectrum. Chest-X rays showed different pattern in concordance with previous publications.

Introducción: La infección por Mycoplasma pneumoniae es una condición respiratoria poco estudiada en nuestro medio. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de los niños hospitalizados porM. pneumoniae. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizaron todos los pacientes hospitalizados por infecciones respiratorias durante el 2000-2005, con IgM específica; se utilizó como diagnóstico de enfermedad por M. pneumoniae la presencia de fluorescencia verde manzana 2 a 3 positivo en títulos ≥ 1:32 diluciones. Resultados: Se analizaron 50 hospitalizaciones, con estadía promedio de 4 días (rango: 1-10); la edad promedio fue 5,4 años (46 por ciento bajo 5 años). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron tos (92 por ciento), fiebre (82 por ciento), compromiso del estado general (74 por ciento) y dificultad respiratoria (72 por ciento). Al momento del ingreso 40/45 presentaron hipoxemia. La radiografía de tórax (RT) reveló infiltrado intersticial (69,3 por ciento), foco de consolidación (51 por ciento) e hi-perinsuflación (28,5 por ciento). Seis presentaron efusión pleural asociada. En 84 por ciento la evolución fue favorable; sin embargo, 8 niños ingresaron a la Unidad de Paciente Critico para monitorización. No hubo decesos Conclusiones: La infección respiratoria asociada aM. pneumoniae en niños produjo manifestaciones inespecíficas y variables de un caso a otro. La RT reveló una variedad de presentaciones similar a lo mostrado en la literatura médica.

Utilidad de la reacción de polimerasa en cadena en tiempo real en el diagnóstico de infecciones por virus respiratorio sincicial en adultos / Utility of real time polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection among adult patients

Introducción: Las infecciones respiratorias virales (IRV) son causa importante de morbilidad en adultos. Virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS) causa hasta 20 por ciento de las IRV en esta edad; sin embargo, su diagnóstico es subestimado debido a una menor sensibilidad de las técnicas diagnosticas convencionales (IF y ELISA). Objetivos: Evaluar el impacto del uso de reacción de la polimerasa en cadena en tiempo real (TR-RPC en tiempo real) en el diagnóstico de IRV por VRS en adultos y caracterizar su perfil clínico. Pacientes y Métodos: Durante ocho semanas del año 2005, los adultos hospitalizados en Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica con sospecha de IRV, e IFD negativa para VRS, FLU-A, -B, paraFLU-1, 2, 3 y ADV de muestra de hisopado nasofaríngeo, fueron sometidos a detección de VRS por TR-RPC en tiempo real. Se confeccionó una base de datos con los antecedentes clínicos, laboratorio y evolución de cada paciente. Resultados: De 114 pacientes con IFD negativa en 17 (14,9 por ciento) se detectó VRS. Fiebre, congestión faríngea, tos y signos de obstrucción bronquial, configuraron en más de 80 por ciento de los casos el perfil clínico de los pacientes. Treinta por ciento presentaba enfermedad crónica y 47 por ciento eran inmunocomprometidos. Tres de 17 (18 por ciento) presentaron descompensación de la enfermedad de base y 1/17 (6 por ciento) requirió ventilación mecánica. No hubo mortalidad asociada. Conclusiones: El uso de TR-RPC en tiempo real permitió duplicar la detección de infecciones por VRS en adultos hospitalizados respecto a las diagnosticadas por IFD. Se recomienda considerar el empleo la técnica de TR-RPC en tiempo real en aquellos pacientes con sospecha clínica de VRS durante la temporada de VRS y estudio viro lógico negativo por métodos convencionales.

Introduction: Viral respiratory infections (VRI) are a frequent cause of morbidity among adult population. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) produces 20 percent> of VRI, however diagnosis is limited for a low sensitivity of conventional (FDA and ELISA) tests. Aim: To assess the impact of real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (real time RT-PCR) technique in RSV diagnosis in adult hospitalized patients; to characterize RSV infection among these patients. Patients and Methods: All adults hospitalized in Hospital Clínico Universidad Católica during 8 weeks of winter season, with clinical picture of VRI, and with negative DFA for influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1, 2, 3 and adenovirus were included. Real time RT-PCR was performed from nasopharyngeal sample. Clinical information, general laboratory exams and chest X ray reports were collected. Results: Out of 114 patients with negative DFA, 17 (14.9 percento) Debe decir: RSV cases were demonstrated using real time RT- PCR. Fever, pharyngeal congestion, cough and bronchial obstruction were present in 80 percent> of patients. Thirty percent of them had a baseline chronic disease and 47 percent> were immunocompromised. One out of 17 patients (6 percent) required mechanical ventilation. No mortality was observed. Conclusions: Use of RT-PCR allowed increasing detection of RSV infection over 100 percent> among adults with VRI without virological diagnosis with conventional techniques. It is necessary to consider RSV RT-PCR test among patients with clinical picture of VRI during RSV season, with negative virological screening tests.